Kamis, 29 November 2012

cloud computing


Definisi Cloud Computing
Ketika kita membicarakan Cloud Computing, sebenarnya apakah kita membicarakan hal yang sama?
Banyak pihak memberikan definisi cloud computing dengan perbedaan di sana-sini.
Wikipedia mendefinisikan cloud computing sebagai “komputasi berbasis Internet, ketika banyak server digunakan bersama untuk menyediakan sumber daya, perangkat lunak dan data pada komputer atau perangkat lain pada saat dibutuhkan, sama seperti jaringan listrik”.
Gartner mendefinisikannya sebagai “sebuah cara komputasi ketika layanan berbasis TI yang mudah dikembangkan dan lentur disediakan sebagai sebuah layanan untuk pelanggan menggunakan teknologi Internet.”
Forester mendefinisikannya sebagai “standar kemampuan TI, seperti perangkat lunak, platform aplikasi, atau infrastruktur, yang disediakan menggunakan teknologi Internet dengan cara swalayan dan bayar-per-pemakaian.”
Secara sederhana, Cloud Computing dapat kita bayangkan seperti sebuah jaringan listrik. Apabila kita membutuhkan listrik, apakah kita harus punya pembangkit listrik sendiri? Tentu tidak. Kita tinggal menghubungi penyedia layanan (dalam hal ini, PLN), menyambungkan rumah kita dengan jaringan listrik, dan kita tinggal menikmati layanan tersebut. Pembayaran kita lakukan bulanan sesuai pemakaian.
Kalau listrik bisa seperti itu, mengapa layanan komputasi tidak bisa? Misalnya, apabila sebuah perusahaan membutuhkan aplikasi CRM (Customer Relationship Management). Kenapa perusahaan tersebut harus membeli aplikasi CRM, membeli hardware server, dan kemudian harus memiliki tim TI khusus untuk menjaga server dan aplikasi tersebut?
Di sinilah cloud computing berperan. Penyedia jasa cloud computing seperti Microsoft, telah menyediakan aplikasi CRM yang dapat digunakan langsung oleh perusahaan tadi. Mereka tinggal menghubungi penyedia layanan (dalam hal ini, Microsoft), “menyambungkan” perusahaannya dengan layanan tersebut (dalam hal ini, melalui Internet), dan tinggal menggunakannya. Pembayaran? Cukup dibayar per bulan (atau per tahun, tergantung kontrak) sesuai pemakaian. Tidak ada lagi investasi di awal yang harus dilakukan.
Agar lebih mudah membayangkannya, silahkan lihat ilustrasi pada Gambar 1.http://itmove.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/ilustrasi-cloud2-g1.jpg?w=490
Karakteristik Cloud Computing
Dengan semakin maraknya pembicaraan seputar cloud computing, semakin banyak perusahaan yang mengumumkan bahwa mereka menyediakan layanan cloud computing.
Akan sangat membingungkan bagi kita para pengguna untuk memastikan bahwa layanan yang akan kita dapatkan adalah cloud computing atau bukan.
Untuk mudahnya, dari semua definisi yang ada, dapat diintisarikan bahwa cloud computing ideal adalah layanan yang memiliki 5 karakteristik berikut ini.
1. On-Demand Self-Services
Sebuah layanan cloud computing harus dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pengguna melalui  mekanisme swalayan dan langsung tersedia pada saat dibutuhkan. Campur tangan penyedia layanan adalah sangat minim. Jadi, apabila kita saat ini membutuhkan layanan aplikasi CRM (sesuai contoh di awal), maka kita harus dapat mendaftar secara swalayan dan layanan tersebut langsung tersedia saat itu juga.
2. Broad Network Access
Sebuah layanan cloud computing harus dapat diakses dari mana saja, kapan saja, dengan alat apa pun, asalkan kita terhubung ke jaringan layanan. Dalam contoh layanan aplikasi CRM di atas, selama kita terhubung ke jaringan Internet, saya harus dapat mengakses layanan tersebut, baik itu melalui laptop, desktop, warnet, handphone, tablet, dan perangkat lain.
3. Resource Pooling
Sebuah layanan cloud computing harus tersedia secara terpusat dan dapat membagi sumber daya secara efisien. Karena cloud computing digunakan bersama-sama oleh berbagai pelanggan, penyedia layanan harus dapat membagi beban secara efisien, sehingga sistem dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal.
4. Rapid Elasticity
Sebuah layanan cloud computing harus dapat menaikkan (atau menurunkan) kapasitas sesuai kebutuhan. Misalnya, apabila pegawai di kantor bertambah, maka kita harus dapat menambah user untuk aplikasi CRM tersebut dengan mudah. Begitu juga jika pegawai berkurang. Atau, apabila kita menempatkan sebuah website berita dalam jaringan cloud computing, maka apabila terjadi peningkatkan traffic karena ada berita penting, maka kapasitas harus dapat dinaikkan dengan cepat.
5. Measured Service
Sebuah layanan cloud computing harus disediakan secara terukur, karena nantinya akan digunakan dalam proses pembayaran. Harap diingat bahwa layanan  cloud computing dibayar sesuai penggunaan, sehingga harus terukur dengan baik.
Kelebihan Cloud Computing
Dari semua penjelasan di atas, apa sebenarnya kelebihan dari Cloud Computing, terutama bagi dunia bisnis? Berikut beberapa di antaranya.
Tanpa Investasi Awal
Dengan cloud computing, kita dapat menggunakan sebuah layanan tanpa investasi yang signifikan di awal.
Ini sangat penting bagi bisnis, terutama bisnis pemula (startup). Mungkin di awal bisnis, kita hanya perlu layanan CRM untuk 2 pengguna. Kemudian meningkat menjadi 10 pengguna.
Tanpa model cloud computing, maka sejak awal kita sudah harus membeli hardware yang cukup untuk sekian tahun ke depan. Dengan cloud computing, kita cukup membayar sesuai yang kita butuhkan.
Mengubah CAPEX menjadi OPEX
Sama seperti kelebihan yang pertama, kelebihan yang kedua masih seputar keuangan.
Tanpa cloud computing, investasi hardware dan software harus dilakukan di awal, sehingga kita harus melakukan pengeluaran modal (Capital Expenditure, atau CAPEX). Sedangkan dengan cloud computing, kita dapat melakukan pengeluaran operasional (Operational Expenditure, atau OPEX).
Jadi, sama persis dengan biaya utilitas lainnya seperti listrik atau telepon ketika kita cukup membayar bulanan sesuai pemakaian. Hal ini akan sangat membantu perusahaan secara keuangan.
Lentur dan Mudah Dikembangkan
Dengan memanfaatkan Cloud Computing, bisnis kita dapat memanfaatkan TI sesuai kebutuhan. Perhatikan Gambar 2 di bawah untuk melihat beberapa skenario kebutuhan bisnis.
Penggunaan TI secara bisnis biasanya tidak datar-datar saja.
Dalam skenario “Predictable Bursting”, ada periode di mana penggunaan TI meningkat tajam. Contoh mudah adalah aplikasi Human Resource (HR) yang pada akhir bulan selalu meningkat penggunaannya karena mengelola gaji karyawan.
Untuk skenario “Growing Fast”, bisnis meningkat dengan pesat sehingga kapasitas TI juga harus mengikuti.
Contoh skenario “Unpredictable Bursting” adalah ketika sebuah website berita mendapat pengunjung yang melonjak karena ada berita menarik.
Skenario “On and Off” adalah penggunaan TI yang tidak berkelanjutan. Misalnya, sebuah layanan pelaporan pajak, yang hanya digunakan di waktu-waktu tertentu setiap tahun.http://itmove.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/karakteristik-cloud2-g2.jpg?w=490&h=323
[Gambar 2: Beberapa skenario kebutuhan bisnis.]
Tanpa layanan cloud computing, ke empat skenario ini akan membutuhkan perencanaan TI yang sangat tidak efisien, karena investasi TI harus dilakukan sesuai kapasitas tertinggi, walaupun mungkin hanya terjadi di saat-saat tertentu. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadi kegagalan layanan pada saat “peak time” tersebut.
Dengan cloud computing, karena sifatnya yang lentur dan mudah dikembangkan (elastic and scalable), maka kapasitas dapat ditingkatkan pada saat dibutuhkan, dengan biaya penggunaan sesuai pemakaian.
Fokus pada Bisnis, bukan TI
Dengan menggunakan Cloud Computing, kita dapat fokus pada bisnis utama perusahaan, dan bukan berkecimpung di dalam pengelolaan TI. Hal ini dapat dilakukan karena pengelolaan TI dilakukan oleh penyedia layanan, dan bukan oleh kita sendiri. Misalnya, melakukan patching, security update, upgrade hardware, upgrade software, maintenance, dan lain-lain.
Apabila kita memiliki tim TI, maka tim tersebut dapat fokus pada layanan TI yang spesifik untuk bisnis kita, sedangkan hal-hal umum sudah ditangani oleh penyedia layanan.
Kesimpulan
Cloud computing sudah hadir saat ini, termasuk di Indonesia. Jadi, cloud computing bukanlah sebuah hype, melainkan sudah menjadi kenyataan dalam dunia TI.
Bukan berarti kita semua langsung harus berpindah saat ini juga: pada kenyataannya cloud computing bukanlah untuk semua orang. Masih tetap terdapat jenis-jenis layanan yang memang harus dilakukan secara on-premise, walaupun terdapat juga layanan yang menjadi sangat efisien bila dilakukan dengan cloud computing. Beberapa jenis layanan bahkan dapat dilakukan secara bersamaan (hybrid) dengan menggabungkan kedua jenis implementasi tersebut.



Sumber: http://usi.feb.unair.ac.id/component/content/article/38-artikel-teknologi/209-cloud-computing-memahami-dan-penerapannya

Minggu, 14 Oktober 2012

speech recognition


Pengenalan ucapan atau pengenalan wicara—dalam istilah bahasa Inggrisnya, automatic speech recognition (ASR)—adalah suatu pengembangan teknik dan sistem yang memungkinkankomputer untuk menerima masukan berupa kata yang diucapkan. Teknologi ini memungkinkan suatu perangkat untuk mengenali dan memahami kata-kata yang diucapkan dengan caradigitalisasi kata dan mencocokkan sinyal digital tersebut dengan suatu pola tertentu yang tersimpan dalam suatu perangkat. Kata-kata yang diucapkan diubah bentuknya menjadi sinyal digital dengan cara mengubah gelombang suara menjadi sekumpulan angka yang kemudian disesuaikan dengan kode-kode tertentu untuk mengidentifikasikan kata-kata tersebut. Hasil dari identifikasi kata yang diucapkan dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk tulisan atau dapat dibaca oleh perangkat teknologi sebagai sebuah komando untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan, misalnya penekanan tombol pada telepon genggam yang dilakukan secara otomatis dengan komando suara.
Alat pengenal ucapan, yang sering disebut dengan speech recognizer, membutuhkan sampel kata sebenarnya yang diucapkan dari pengguna. Sampel kata akan didigitalisasi, disimpan dalamkomputer, dan kemudian digunakan sebagai basis data dalam mencocokkan kata yang diucapkan selanjutnya. Sebagian besar alat pengenal ucapan sifatnya masih tergantung kepada pengeras suara. Alat ini hanya dapat mengenal kata yang diucapkan dari satu atau dua orang saja dan hanya bisa mengenal kata-kata terpisah, yaitu kata-kata yang dalam penyampaiannya terdapat jeda antar kata. Hanya sebagian kecil dari peralatan yang menggunakan teknologi ini yang sifatnya tidak tergantung pada pengeras suara. Alat ini sudah dapat mengenal kata yang diucapkan oleh banyak orang dan juga dapat mengenal kata-kata kontinu, atau kata-kata yang dalam penyampaiannya tidak terdapat jeda antar kata.
Sejak tahun 1940, perusahaan American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) sudah mulai mengembangkan suatu perangkat teknologi yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata yang diucapkan manusia. Sekitar tahun 1960-an, para peneliti dari perusahaan tersebut sudah berhasil membuat suatu perangkat yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata-kata terpisah dan pada tahun 1970-an mereka berhasil membuat perangkat yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata-kata kontinu. Alat pengenal ucapan kemudian menjadi sangat fungsional sejak tahun 1980-an dan masih dikembangkan dan terus ditingkatkan keefektifannya hingga sekarang.
Berdasarkan kemampuan dalam mengenal kata yang diucapkan, terdapat 5 jenis pengenalan kata, yaitu :
1.    Kata-kata yang terisolasi
Proses pengidentifikasian kata yang hanya dapat mengenal kata yang diucapkan jika kata tersebut memiliki jeda waktu pengucapan antar kata
2.    Kata-kata yang berhubungan
Proses pengidentifikasian kata yang mirip dengan kata-kata terisolasi, namun membutuhkan jeda waktu pengucapan antar kata yang lebih singkat
3.    Kata-kata yang berkelanjutan
Proses pengidentifikasian kata yang sudah lebih maju karena dapat mengenal kata-kata yang diucapkan secara berkesinambungan dengan jeda waktu yang sangat sedikit atau tanpa jeda waktu. Proses pengenalan suara ini sangat rumit karena membutuhkan metode khusus untuk membedakan kata-kata yang diucapkan tanpa jeda waktu. Pengguna perangkat ini dapat mengucapkan kata-kata secara natural
4.    Kata-kata spontan
Proses pengidentifikasian kata yang dapat mengenal kata-kata yang diucapkan secara spontan tanpa jeda waktu antar kata
5.    Verifikasi atau identifikasi suara
Proses pengidentifikasian kata yang tidak hanya mampu mengenal kata, namun juga mengidentifikasi siapa yang berbicara.

APLIKASI

Bidang komunikasi
Komando Suara
Komando Suara adalah suatu program pada komputer yang melakukan perintah berdasarkan komando suara dari pengguna. Contohnya pada aplikasi
 Microsoft Voice yang berbasis bahasa Inggris. Ketika pengguna mengatakan “Mulai kalkulator” dengan intonasi dan tata bahasa yang sesuai, komputer akan segera membuka aplikasi kalkulator. Jika komando suara yang diberikan sesuai dengan daftar perintah yang tersedia, aplikasi akan memastikan komando suara dengan menampilkan tulisan “Apakah Anda meminta saya untuk ‘mulai kalkulator’?”. Untuk melakukan verifikasi, pengguna cukup mengatakan “Lakukan” dan komputer akan langsung beroperasi.
Pendiktean
Pendiktean adalah sebuah proses mendikte yang sekarang ini banyak dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan laporan atau penelitian. Contohnya pada aplikasi
 Microsoft Dictation yang merupakan aplikasi yang dapat menuliskan apa yang diucapkan oleh pengguna secara otomatis.
Telepon
Pada telepon, teknologi pengenal ucapan digunakan pada proses penekanan tombol otomatis yang dapat menelpon nomor tujuan dengan komando suara.
Bidang kesehatan
Alat pengenal ucapan banyak digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan untuk membantu para penyandang cacat dalam beraktivitas. Contohnya pada aplikasi Antarmuka Suara Pengguna atau Voice User Interface (VUI) yang menggunakan teknologi pengenal ucapan dimana pengendalian saklar lampu misalnya, tidak perlu dilakukan secara manual dengan menggerakkan saklar tetapi cukup dengan mengeluarkan perintah dalam bentuk ucapan sebagai saklarnya. Metode ini membantu manusia yang secara fisik tidak dapat menggerakkan saklar karena cacat pada tangan misalnya. Penerapan VUI ini tidak hanya untuk lampu saja tapi bisa juga untuk aplikasi-aplikasi kontrol yang lain.
Bidang militer
Pelatihan Penerbangan Aplikasi alat pengenal ucapan dalam bidang militer adalah pada pengatur lalu-lintas udara atau yang dikenal dengan Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) yang dipakai oleh para pilot untuk mendapatkan keterangan mengenai keadaan lalu-lintas udara seperti radar, cuaca, dan navigasi. Alat pengenal ucapan digunakan sebagai pengganti operator yang memberikan informasi kepada pilot dengan cara berdialog.
Helikopter
Aplikasi alat pengenal ucapan pada helikopter digunakan untuk berkomunikasi lewat radio dan menyesuaikan sistem navigasi. Alat ini sangat diperlukan pada helikopter karena ketika terbang, sangat banyak gangguan yang akan menyulitkan pilot bila harus berkomunikasi dan menyesuaikan navigasi dengan terlebih dahulu memencet tombol tertentu.


Minggu, 07 Oktober 2012

Tenses


Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been singing

How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


have
has

been

base + ing
Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
have

been
waiting
for one hour.
+
You
have

been
talking
too much.
-
It
has
not
been
raining.

-
We
have
not
been
playing
football.
?
Have
you

been
seeing
her?
?
Have
they

been
doing
their homework?

Contractions

When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.
I have been
I've been
You have been
You've been
He has been
She has been
It has been
John has been
The car has been
He's been
She's been
It's been
John's been
The car's been
We have been
We've been
They have been
They've been
Here are some examples:
·       I've been reading.
·       The car's been giving trouble.
·       We've been playing tennis for two hours.

How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.
I'm tired because I've been running.
past
present
future


!!!



Recent action.
Result now.








·       I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
·       Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
·       You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.

2. An action continuing up to now

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
I have been reading for 2 hours.
past
present
future





Action started in past.
Action is continuing now.







·       I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
·       We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
·       How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
·       We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
·       We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
·       We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
for
since
a period of time
a point in past time


x



20 minutes
6.15pm
three days
Monday
6 months
January
4 years
1994
2 centuries
1800
a long time
I left school
ever
the beginning of time
etc
etc
Here are some examples:
·       I have been studying for 3 hours.
·       I have been watching TV since 7pm.
·       Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
·       Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
·       He has been playing football for a long time.
·       He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.













Present Perfect Tense

I have sung
The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present perfect, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:
·       Present Perfect Quiz

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing
We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.



Simple Present Tense

I sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


do

base
There are three important exceptions:
1.    For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2.    For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3.    For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject
auxiliary verb

main verb

+
I, you, we, they


like
coffee.
He, she, it


likes
coffee.
-
I, you, we, they
do
not
like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not
like
coffee.
?
Do
I, you, we, they

like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it

like
coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject
main verb


+
I
am

French.
You, we, they
are

French.
He, she, it
is

French.
-
I
am
not
old.
You, we, they
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
?
Am
I

late?
Are
you, we, they

late?
Is
he, she, it

late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:
·       the action is general
·       the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
·       the action is not only happening now
·       the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
past
present
future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
·       I live in New York.
·       The Moon goes round the Earth.
·       John drives a taxi.
·       He does not drive a bus.
·       We do not work at night.
·       Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past
present
future

The situation is now.
 
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
past
present
future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.







Past Perfect Continuous Tense

I had been singing

How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb HAVE
+
auxiliary verb BE
+
main verb

conjugated in simple past tense

past participle

present participle
had
been
base + ing
For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
had

been
working.

+
You
had

been
playing
tennis.
-
It
had
not
been
working
well.
-
We
had
not
been
expecting
her.
?
Had
you

been
drinking?

?
Had
they

been
waiting
long?
When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb:
I had been
I'd been
you had been
you'd been
he had
she had been
it had been
he'd been
she'd been
it'd been
we had been
we'd been
they had been
they'd been

How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past. For example:
·       Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.
Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.
past
present
future
Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.



9

11




I arrive in past at 11am.









Here are some more examples:
·       John was very tired. He had been running.
·       I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
·       Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.
·       Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?
You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.
past perfect continuous tense

present perfect continuous tense
had |
been |
doing |
>>>> |
|
|
|
|


|
|
|
|
have |
been |
doing |
>>>> |




past
now
future

past
now
future
For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:
·       "I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."
Later, you tell your friends:
·       "Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."






Past Perfect Tense

I had sung
The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".


Past Continuous Tense

I was singing
The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

Simple Past Tense

I sang
The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.


Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I will have been singing

How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb WILL
+
auxiliary verb HAVE
+
auxiliary verb BE
+
main verb

invariable

invariable

past participle

present participle
will
have
been
base + ing
For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
will

have
been
working
for four hours.
+
You
will

have
been
travelling
for two days.
-
She
will
not
have
been
using
the car.
-
We
will
not
have
been
waiting
long.
?
Will
you

have
been
playing
football?
?
Will
they

have
been
watching
TV?
When we use the future perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:
I will
I'll
you will
you'll
he will
she will
it will
he'll
she'll
it'll
we will
we'll
they will
they'll
For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:
I will not
I won't
you will not
you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not
he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not
we won't
they will not
they won't

How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. Look at these examples:
·       I will have been working here for ten years next week.
·       He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.







Future Perfect Tense

I will have sung
The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb WILL
+
auxiliary verb HAVE
+
main verb

invariable

invariable

past participle
will
have
V3
Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
will

have
finished
by 10am.
+
You
will

have
forgotten
me by then.
-
She
will
not
have
gone
to school.
-
We
will
not
have
left.

?
Will
you

have
arrived?

?
Will
they

have
received
it?
In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:
I will have
I'll have
I'll've
you will have
you'll have
you'll've
he will have
she will have
it will have
he'll have
she'll have
it'll have
he'll've
she'll've
it'll've
we will have
we'll have
we'll've
they will have
they'll have
they'll've
 
We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:
·       The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
The train will have left when you arrive.
past
present
future


Train leaves in future at 9am.

9

9.15







You arrive in future at 9.15am.







Look at some more examples:
·       You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
·       They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
·       "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:
present perfect tense

future perfect tense

|
have |
done |
> |




will |
have |
done |
> |

























Future Continuous Tense

I will be singing

How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb WILL
+
auxiliary verb BE
+
main verb

invariable

invariable

present participle
will
be
base + ing
For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
will

be
working
at 10am.
+
You
will

be
lying
on a beach tomorrow.
-
She
will
not
be
using
the car.
-
We
will
not
be
having
dinner at home.
?
Will
you

be
playing
football?
?
Will
they

be
watching
TV?
When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:
I will
I'll
you will
you'll
he will
she will
it will
he'll
she'll
it'll
we will
we'll
they will
they'll
For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:
I will not
I won't
you will not
you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not
he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not
we won't
they will not
they won't
 
We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?

The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:
At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
past
present
future


4pm





At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working.







When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:
·       I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
·       They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
·       What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
·       What will you be doing when I arrive?
·       She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
·       We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
·       Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.






Simple Future Tense

I will sing
The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Simple Future Tense?

The structure of the simple future tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb WILL
+
main verb

invariable

base
will
V1
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:

subject
auxiliary verb

main verb

+
I
will

open
the door.
+
You
will

finish
before me.
-
She
will
not
be
at school tomorrow.
-
We
will
not
leave
yet.
?
Will
you

arrive
on time?
?
Will
they

want
dinner?
When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:
I will
I'll
you will
you'll
he will
she will
it will
he'll
she'll
it'll
we will
we'll
they will
they'll
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:
I will not
I won't
you will not
you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not
he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not
we won't
they will not
they won't

How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

No Plan

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:
·       Hold on. I'll get a pen.
·       We will see what we can do to help you.
·       Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking.
We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:
·       I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
·       I think I will have a holiday next year.
·       I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:
·       It will rain tomorrow.
·       People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
·       Who do you think will get the job?

Be

When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:
·       I'll be in London tomorrow.
·       I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
·       Will you be at work tomorrow?